1. Menene iska?Menene iska ta al'ada?
Amsa: Yanayin da ke kewayen duniya, ana amfani da mu wajen kiransa iska.
Iskar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden matsa lamba na 0.1MPa, zafin jiki na 20 ° C, da zafi na 36% shine iska ta al'ada.Iska ta al'ada ta bambanta da daidaitaccen iska a cikin zafin jiki kuma yana ƙunshe da danshi.Lokacin da tururin ruwa a cikin iska, da zarar tururin ruwa ya rabu, za a rage yawan iska.
2. Menene ma'anar ma'anar iska?
Amsa: Ma'anar ma'auni na jihar shine: yanayin iska lokacin da iskar tsotsa ya kasance 0.1MPa kuma zafin jiki shine 15.6 ° C (ma'anar masana'antun gida shine 0 ° C) ana kiransa daidaitaccen yanayin iska.
A cikin ma'auni, yawan iska shine 1.185kg / m3 (ƙarfin iska compressor shaye, na'urar bushewa, tacewa da sauran kayan aikin bayan-sarrafa ana nuna alamar kwarara a cikin yanayin yanayin iska, kuma an rubuta sashin a matsayin Nm3 / min).
3. Menene cikakken iska da iska mara nauyi?
Amsa: A wani yanayin zafi da matsi, abin da ke cikin tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai danshi (wato yawan tururin ruwa) yana da iyaka;lokacin da yawan tururin ruwa da ke cikin wani zafin jiki ya kai iyakar abin da zai yiwu, zafi a wannan lokacin ana kiran iska da cikakken iska.Danshi iska ba tare da iyakar yuwuwar abun ciki na tururin ruwa ana kiransa iskar unsaturated.
4. A cikin wane yanayi ne iskar da ba ta da tushe ta zama cikakkiyar iska?Menene "condensation"?
A lokacin da iskar da ba ta da tushe ta zama cikakkar iska, ɗigon ruwa na ruwa za su taru a cikin iska mai laushi, wanda ake kira "condensation".Namiji na kowa.Alal misali, zafi na iska a lokacin rani yana da yawa, kuma yana da sauƙi don samar da ɗigon ruwa a saman bututun ruwa.A cikin safiya na hunturu, ɗigon ruwa zai bayyana akan tagogin gilashin mazauna.Waɗannan su ne iska mai sanyi da aka sanyaya ƙarƙashin matsi akai-akai don isa wurin raɓa.Sakamakon yaduwa saboda zafin jiki.
5. Menene matsa lamba na yanayi, cikakken matsa lamba da ma'auni?Menene raka'o'in matsa lamba na gama gari?
Amsa: Matsalolin da ke haifar da wani kauri mai kauri da ke kewaye da saman duniya a saman duniya ko kuma abubuwan da ke saman duniya ana kiransa “matsin yanayi”, kuma alamar ita ce Ρb;Matsin da ke aiki kai tsaye a saman kwantena ko abu ana kiransa "cikakkiyar matsa lamba".Ƙimar matsin lamba tana farawa daga cikakkiyar vacuum, kuma alamar ita ce Pa;matsa lamba da aka auna ta hanyar ma'aunin matsi, vacuum gauges, bututun U-dimbin yawa da sauran kayan aikin ana kiransa "matsi na ma'auni", kuma "matsa lamba" yana farawa daga matsa lamba na yanayi, kuma alamar ita ce Ρg.Alakar da ke tsakanin ukun ita ce
Pa=Pb+Pg
Matsin lamba yana nufin ƙarfin kowane yanki na yanki, kuma sashin matsa lamba shine N/square, ana nuna shi da Pa, wanda ake kira Pascal.MPa (MPa) da aka fi amfani dashi a aikin injiniya
1MPa = 10 na shida Power Pa
1 daidaitaccen yanayin yanayi = 0.1013MPa
1kPa=1000Pa=0.01kgf/square
1MPa = 10 na shida ikon Pa = 10.2kgf/square
A cikin tsohon tsarin raka'a, yawanci ana bayyana matsa lamba a kgf/cm2 (ƙarfin kilogiram/square centimita).
6. Menene zafin jiki?Menene raka'a zafin jiki da aka saba amfani da su?
A: Zazzabi shine matsakaicin ƙididdiga na motsi na thermal na ƙwayoyin abu.
Cikakkun zafin jiki: Yanayin zafin jiki yana farawa daga mafi ƙanƙanta yanayin zafi lokacin da kwayoyin gas suka daina motsi, ana nuna su da T. Naúrar ita ce “Kelvin” kuma alamar naúrar ita ce K.
Celsius zazzabi: Zazzabi yana farawa daga wurin narkewar kankara, naúrar ita ce “Celsius”, kuma alamar naúrar ita ce ℃.Bugu da kari, kasashen Biritaniya da Amurka sukan yi amfani da “zazzabi Fahrenheit”, kuma alamar naúrar ita ce F.
Dangantakar jujjuyawa tsakanin raka'a zafin jiki uku shine
T (K) = t (°C) + 273.16
t (F)=32+1.8t(℃)
7. Menene juzu'in matsa lamba na tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai laushi?
Amsa: Danshi iska cakude ne da tururin ruwa da busasshiyar iska.A cikin wani ƙayyadaddun iska mai ɗanɗano, adadin tururin ruwa (ta taro) yawanci ya fi na busasshiyar iska, amma yana ɗaukar girma iri ɗaya da busasshiyar iska., kuma suna da zafin jiki iri ɗaya.Matsin iska mai danshi shine jimillar matsi na sassan iskar gas (watau busasshiyar iska da tururin ruwa).Matsin tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai ɗanɗano ana kiransa da ɓangaren matsa lamba na tururin ruwa, wanda ake nunawa a matsayin Pso.Ƙimar sa yana nuna adadin tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai laushi, mafi girman abin da ke cikin ruwa, mafi girman matsa lamba na ruwa.Wani ɓangare na matsa lamba na tururin ruwa a cikin madaidaicin iska ana kiransa cikakken matsa lamba na tururin ruwa, wanda ake nunawa a matsayin Pab.
8. Menene zafi na iska?Nawa zafi?
Amsa: Yawan jiki wanda ke bayyana bushewa da zafi na iskar ana kiransa zafi.Maganganun zafi da aka fi amfani da su sune: cikakken zafi da yanayin zafi.
A karkashin daidaitattun yanayi, yawan tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska mai laushi a cikin ƙarar 1 m3 ana kiransa "cikakken zafi" na iska mai laushi, kuma naúrar shine g / m3.Cikakkun zafi kawai yana nuni da yawan tururin ruwan da ke cikin juzu'in juzu'in iskar ɗanshi, amma baya nuni da ƙarfin iskar ɗanɗanar don ɗaukar tururin ruwa, wato ma'aunin zafi na iska.Cikakken zafi shine yawan tururin ruwa a cikin danshi mai iska.
Matsakaicin ainihin adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska mai ɗanɗano zuwa matsakaicin yuwuwar adadin tururin ruwa a daidai wannan zafin jiki ana kiransa "dangi mai zafi", wanda sau da yawa yana bayyana ta φ.Yanayin zafi φ yana tsakanin 0 zuwa 100%.Ƙananan ƙimar φ, mafi bushewar iska da ƙarfin ƙarfin sha ruwa;mafi girman ƙimar φ, da ɗanɗanar iska da raunin ƙarfin sha ruwa.Ƙarfin shayar da danshi na iska mai laushi shima yana da alaƙa da zafinsa.Yayin da yanayin zafi na iska mai danshi ya tashi, matsi na jikewa yana ƙaruwa daidai da haka.Idan abun ciki na tururin ruwa ya kasance baya canzawa a wannan lokacin, yanayin zafi na dangi φ na iska mai laushi zai ragu, wato, ƙarfin shayar da danshi na iska mai laushi yana ƙaruwa.Sabili da haka, a lokacin shigar da dakin motsa jiki, ya kamata a ba da hankali ga kula da samun iska, rage yawan zafin jiki, babu magudanar ruwa, da tarin ruwa a cikin dakin don rage danshi a cikin iska.
9. Menene danshi?Yadda za a lissafta abun ciki danshi?
Amsa: A cikin iska mai danshi, yawan tururin ruwa da ke cikin 1kg na busasshiyar iska ana kiransa "danshin abun ciki" na iskar danshi, wanda akafi amfani dashi.Don nuna cewa abun ciki na danshi ω ya kusan daidai da tururin ruwa na ɓangaren matsa lamba Pso, kuma ya yi daidai da jimlar matsa lamba p.ω daidai yana nuna adadin tururin ruwa da ke cikin iska.Idan matsa lamba na yanayi gabaɗaya ya kasance akai-akai, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na iska ya kasance akai-akai, Pso shima yana dawwama.A wannan lokacin, ƙarancin dangi yana ƙaruwa, abun ciki yana ƙaruwa, kuma ƙarfin ɗaukar danshi yana raguwa.
10. Menene yawan tururin ruwa a cikin cikakken iskar ya dogara da shi?
Amsa: Abubuwan da ke cikin tururin ruwa (ruwa mai yawa) a cikin iska yana da iyaka.A cikin kewayon aerodynamic matsa lamba (2MPa), ana iya la'akari da cewa yawan tururin ruwa a cikin cikakken iska ya dogara ne kawai akan zafin jiki kuma ba shi da alaƙa da matsa lamba na iska.Mafi girman zafin jiki, mafi girma da yawa na cikakken tururin ruwa.Alal misali, a 40 ° C, 1 cubic mita na iska yana da daidaitattun tururin ruwa iri ɗaya ko da matsinsa shine 0.1MPa ko 1.0MPa.
11. Menene iska mai danshi?
Amsa: Iskar da ke dauke da wani adadin tururin ruwa ana kiranta da humid air, kuma iskar da babu tururin ruwa ana kiranta busasshen iska.Iskar da ke kewaye da mu tana da ɗanshi iska.A wani tsayin daka, abun da ke ciki da rabon iska mai bushewa suna da tsayayye, kuma ba shi da wani mahimmanci na musamman don aikin thermal na duk iska mai laushi.Kodayake abun ciki na tururi na ruwa a cikin iska mai laushi ba shi da girma, canjin abun ciki yana da tasiri mai girma akan abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na iska mai laushi.Yawan tururin ruwa yana ƙayyade matakin bushewa da zafi na iska.Abun aiki na kwampreshin iska shine iska mai laushi.
12. Menene zafi?
Amsa: Zafi wani nau'i ne na makamashi.Raka'o'in da aka fi amfani da su: KJ/(kg·℃), cal/(kg·℃), kcal/(kg·℃), da sauransu 1kcal=4.186kJ, 1kJ=0.24kcal.
Dangane da ka'idodin thermodynamics, ana iya canja wurin zafi ba tare da bata lokaci ba daga ƙarshen babban zafin jiki zuwa ƙarshen ƙarancin zafin jiki ta hanyar convection, gudanarwa, radiation da sauran nau'ikan.Idan babu wutar lantarki ta waje, zafi ba zai taɓa canzawa ba.
13. Menene zafi mai ma'ana?Menene zafi na latent?
Amsa: A yayin da ake yin dumama ko sanyaya, zafin da wani abu ke sha ko ya saki lokacin da zafinsa ya tashi ko ya fadi ba tare da ya canza yanayin yanayinsa na asali ba, ana kiransa zafi mai hankali.Yana iya sa mutane su sami canje-canje a bayyane a cikin sanyi da zafi, wanda yawanci ana iya auna shi da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio.Misali, zafin da ake sha ta hanyar tayar da ruwa daga 20 ° C zuwa 80 ° C ana kiransa zafi mai hankali.
Lokacin da abu ya sha ko ya saki zafi, yanayin yanayinsa yana canzawa (kamar gas ya zama ruwa…), amma zafin jiki baya canzawa.Wannan zafi da aka sha ko aka saki ana kiransa latent heat.Ba za a iya auna zafin da ke ɓoye da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ba, haka kuma jikin ɗan adam ba zai iya ji ba, amma ana iya ƙididdige shi ta hanyar gwaji.
Bayan cikakkar iskar ta saki zafi, wani bangare na tururin ruwa zai koma cikin ruwa mai ruwa, kuma zazzabin cikkaken iskar ba ya faduwa a wannan lokaci, kuma wannan bangare na zafin da aka fitar shi ne latent zafi.
14. Menene shakar iska?
Amsa: Ƙaunar iska tana nufin jimlar zafin da ke cikin iska, yawanci ya dogara ne akan adadin busasshiyar iska.Enthalpy yana wakilta ta alamar ι.
15. Menene raɓa?Menene alaka da shi?
Amsa: Matsayin raɓa shine yanayin zafin da iskar da ba ta da tushe ta rage yawan zafinta yayin da take kiyaye juzu'in tururin ruwa akai-akai (wato kiyaye cikakken abin da ke cikin ruwa akai-akai) har ya kai ga cikawa.Lokacin da zafin jiki ya faɗi zuwa wurin raɓa, ɗigon ruwa masu tauri za su taso cikin iska mai ɗanɗano.Matsayin raɓa na iska mai laushi ba kawai yana da alaƙa da zafin jiki ba, har ma yana da alaƙa da yawan danshi a cikin iska mai laushi.Wurin raɓa yana da girma tare da babban abun ciki na ruwa, kuma raɓa yana da ƙananan ƙananan ruwa.A wani yanayi mai zafi na iska, mafi girman zafin raɓa, mafi girman ɓangaren tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai ɗanɗano, kuma mafi yawan tururin ruwa a cikin iska mai ɗanɗano.Yanayin zafin raɓa yana da amfani mai mahimmanci a aikin injiniyan kwampreso.Misali, lokacin da zafin fitar da na’urar damfara ta iskar ta yi kasa sosai, cakuduwar mai da iskar gas za ta takure saboda karancin zafin da ke cikin ganga mai da iskar gas, wanda hakan zai sa man mai ya kunshi ruwa kuma ya yi tasiri ga tasirin mai.Sabili da haka, dole ne a tsara yanayin zafin fitarwa na injin damfara don tabbatar da cewa bai yi ƙasa da yanayin raɓa a ƙarƙashin matsi na ɓangaren daidai ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-17-2023
